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[Music]

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[Applause]

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okay so and for going forward I use okay

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so this is the take-home messages like

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Enceladus plumes are small fast and cold

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and based on a common wisdom for one who

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have learned from the Cassini missions

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and they are the best place for looking

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for alien life in our solar system or at

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least one of the best place one issues

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is that like collecting device for

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testing this concept of acquired test in

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a simulated environment and we don't

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have a quite great analog setting for

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doing this so we're going to fill this

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gap by simulating the ice blooms in in a

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in a technology environment vertical gun

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range facility and as I Eames and

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focusing on the basic requirements for

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ice particle sights impact speed and

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temperature in a near space environment

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so the take-home message is that

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micrometer size our ice particles are

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obtained and demonstrated okay I'm still

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fighting with these things okay

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so I've been over ambitious so I'm going

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to fly by through those lights for the

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background sections so our desirable

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range is between some micrometers to 10

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micrometers particles based on the bulk

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observation for Cassini we can say that

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there is no really complete agreement

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among the authors about the full

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spectrum and coverage of the relative

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proportion between the nanograins and

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the micro size grain so there are

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conflicting information but this is why

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we anyway focus on that average and also

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including particle size lesser than 15

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micrometer and so they're also the

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fastest shoes so the Cassini flybys is

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between 17 and 17 kilometer per second

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relative to the relative ejection into

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outer space or the plumes and what we

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can achieve at the vertical gun facility

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is anything between open one kilometer

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per second to nearly two kilometer per

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second

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so cold well in fellow surface observe

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surfaces has been warmer than predicted

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like with the very hot temperature

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beneath oceans and cooling temperature

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as soon as we approach space or anything

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between two hundred 200 Celsius to minus

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200 Celsius are not too extreme from

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bottom to top and these are like the

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area of interest will allow to get a

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sample that 10 micrometers particles or

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nanometer particles with the larger

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particle falling back to the planet and

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the smaller particle going out of the

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plume and there are several models for

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these are not you know issuing

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addressing these and our testing doesn't

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address the formation model for ice

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particle just produce I shave the most

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expensive ice ship you can imagine now

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we're using the NASA Ames vertical gun

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facility that has been established 15

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years ago but don't go to NASA Ames now

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it's going to be retired this guy so he

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worked for 15 years there is a very nice

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supporting setting and have been used

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for this facility for testing server

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impact experiment from crater scaling

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evolution tektites and crater formation

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and we have been we have been positives

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for producing a kind of thinking out of

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the box system and so we have a

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analytical chamber where we have the

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capability of loop using high-speed

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camera so we can document the fast

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motion of the particles our experimental

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chamber you can see here consists of

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using sea ice target cooling that has

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been cooled around by you know normal

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refrigerator to liquid nitrogen in about

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you know 24 hours and then we have the

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impactor of 16 degrees by 3 millimeters

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I pallets aluminium pallets and that we

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produce we get an ice brown that is a

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produced by impact and this is travel

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toward a target where we use an aluminum

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foil for capturing these particles and

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of course because it's so fast in

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microseconds we have these ice particles

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they are in

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about 200 Celsius the great light - 200

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so it still space cold so I just just

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let you know that we've been performing

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a lot experiment at the vertical guns

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facility for - testing the collector and

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different types of collector under a

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cottage grant through NASA Ames engine

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options apply laboratory so in support

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of the the ELSA missions that you

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provide familiar from your weight and we

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have been conducting uses priming for

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testing the efficiency of these

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collectors but also for looking at what

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happened to biology what happened to the

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organics at impacts and try to do also

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some kind of planetary protection to see

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in to protect our science so lot of

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things and now but now it's just

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focusing on production on ice particles

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so the quest for smaller particles is

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not just our idea there's been a lot of

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studies focusing on velocity work and

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particularly for looking what's that by

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a product by impacting a bar you spin

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the various angle while the manager

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issues that a lot of grain size

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distribution are achieved but there's

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not been really an effort or attempt to

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try to get really really narrow sides

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particles so they got a jumble of things

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I try to look at what they are but I

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think we are being you know making

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progress in these and there are several

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application for these like looking at

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cometary tail so there being a lot of

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work done also for testing the wild

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looking at data from the wild to common

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missions by using this approach so these

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are what first experiments how we got

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there so we starting 2017

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try to use it a micrometer screen and

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you can see the result of what's

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happening so we have the ice target in

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on your right and then you get the plume

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and when we have a screen and then we

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get this wheel a different components

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and grain size of the plumes and what

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stop you that's what happened I mean we

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get a blast of these multiple grant

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sides as prod as a big project I'll fast

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traveling they destroy everything they

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destroyed the aluminum foil target in a

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completely mess stumbling block are we

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go next

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at that point I remain alone because the

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person David Wilson was doing that moved

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to another planet and so I - you know

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continuous his work in a trying to

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non-engineers I had to try to do

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something so this is what happen you can

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see really the the holes in this 10

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micrometer the micrometer sieved so the

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winning solution is saving device i'm

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sedimentology spy origin three lifes ago

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so what i do but there's a rack do for

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looking at sediment brain so we use a

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pile of sheep i not an engineer but i'm

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we're so proud about doing this things

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going configuration concept with the

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side view so you have the salty water

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the plumes that has to go to twist

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screens 1 millimeters 150 mean

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micrometer screen one time one 10

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micrometer screen against an aluminum

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foil lateral view on a side so we have

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to decide how to put this how to make

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them becoming true this design and then

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this is what we do like we have the ice

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target and then we have the we have the

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different screens and this is the the

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aluminum target here we used a beginning

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only two screens and we have a likes a

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plexiglass window to limit the angle of

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surprise that you can see arab so we

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basically have producing an expensive i

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shave with the fastest gun on west so

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which is kind of like kind of really

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you're expensive so speed is found in an

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obvious way we know the time between the

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target and the impact and we know the

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distance we can calculate the speed and

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here there is a just to let you

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appreciate him what happening so we have

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this screen that has been blocking the

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most of the the the coarser particle and

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the finest particle goes through past

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this screen and then past the other and

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they get to the target so a target

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here's the result we have three types of

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particles

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holes obvious look in their micro

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craters and dents and soul residues

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against our target so salty dust i mean

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was very very happy to see these because

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was a picture taken and the right

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illumination

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and this is not my dandruff at the

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beginning I thought it was by was salty

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and not that kind of down roof so this

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is like a larger example of a salt and

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then what we do so we use image analysis

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that goes from the raw images on your

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left-hand side then we do image

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enhancement contrast filter imaging by

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analyzing and we try to basically have a

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right balance between background to

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noise so background as this you know or

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is on two lines and and is the noise and

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the singers the right finest amount of

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particles we can detect a major so the

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second is about a second step is about

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analyzing each particles and data

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reduction why because that's noise to

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background so I'll very beginning we get

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a lot of particles like this just not

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just the particles and then what we do

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is the cut off a mathematical cut off

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based on roundness and aspect ratio the

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particles so we get a lower area but

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more realistic numbers so about 30,000

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40,000 particles per centimeter square

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and so we keep going reanalyzing at

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least two or three times for sake of a

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roll bars so these are more likely the

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real number of our density in terms of

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efficiency and so we can get then the

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particle size diameter how much time and

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then we use Makoku metrology software

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where we can shoot for higher darnit

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magnification so you can see here that

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we have even more noise because we're

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more noise we have it to trace these

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particle by hands and acquiring with the

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same software you know smaller particles

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but in a more difficult way so we know

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that these dents and these finer

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particles are not artifact because we

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have a negative control which does not

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shoot should aluminum target that you

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can see on the lower part and in this

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way you can see that we get the mini

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farad diameter there's a caliper

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diameter thats go stores model particles

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we're able to see now a majority of

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particle below 10 micrometers and so

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conclusion we can get these particles

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and then in high fidelity environment

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has it has a broad set of applications

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from Europeans ensalada spoons cometary

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plumes and then we have a major

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limitation we have to a fidelity to real

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production and processes that produce

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particles but we don't worry about it

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because we want the eye shape gear and

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the future work will be improving love

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noise no love noise witness substrate so

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we can capture even smaller particle and

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demonstrate they do exist and then

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application and thank you to vertical

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gun facility guys that we are wonderful

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and supportive environment in loving

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memory of David Wilson we really miss

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too much but this work is thanks to him

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it was the interface with the robot gold

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at the AP also in the chief engineer and

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we thank the I called the grant a lead

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on atoms to APL and NASA Ames center

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innovation funding that supported us

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since 2016 and thank you to David and